Many pilots view alternate airports as a topic relevant only to IFR operations, but the FAA’s own regulations suggest otherwise. FAR 91.103 emphasizes that pilots must become familiar with alternates available when flying IFR or “not in the vicinity” of the departure airport. This requirement underscores that even a VFR flight operating away from home base should include a thoughtfully selected alternate. Building flexibility into flight planning is not just about regulatory compliance—it’s also key to operational safety.
The Traditional Mistake: Alternates Near or Beyond Destination
Most pilots are taught—or simply assume—that an alternate should be located near their destination. Some even select an alternate that lies beyond the intended airport. This approach can leave a flight vulnerable if weather or mechanical issues occur en route. The better alternative is to incorporate a midpoint alternate. By positioning the alternate at the 40–60% mark of a cross-country route, ideally within 10 miles laterally of the planned track, the pilot has created an exit point at the first signs of trouble.
Alternates as Gut-Check Moments in Real-Time Decision-Making
Designating a midpoint alternate allows for an intentional pause in the flight. It becomes a moment to assess personal and passenger needs, aircraft performance, and real-time weather trends. For instance, if flying with family and someone needs a restroom break, the alternate becomes a practical convenience. If cloud ceilings are progressively lowering—e.g., 5,000 ft broken becomes 3,500 ft overcast—it’s an opportunity to land safely before conditions deteriorate further. Alternates aren’t just escape plans—they’re safety valves built into thoughtful preflight planning.
Avoiding the “Too Far” Trap and Learning from Accidents
Choosing an alternate beyond the destination is counterproductive. If the aircraft cannot reach the primary airport due to deteriorating conditions, it certainly won’t reach a more distant alternate. The JFK Jr. accident stands as a stark reminder—he passed 20 to 30 suitable airports while pressing on. Many of these airports had fuel, lighting, and services. His tragic decision-making is echoed in countless other NTSB reports. The lesson: never leave a good airport behind. Instead, build alternates into the journey itself as part of normal, proactive flight planning.
Alternates for More Than Emergencies
Mid-route alternates serve more than just emergency use. They’re ideal for unexpected needs such as fuel top-offs, discomfort due to turbulence, or simple fatigue. They provide the psychological and operational flexibility to shift priorities in-flight, ensuring safety stays at the forefront. Whether flying as a private pilot, working toward a commercial pilot certificate, or instructing others as a flight instructor, embedding midpoint alternates into standard planning supports smarter and safer decision-making.
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